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In 1834, William Whewell introduced the term scientist in a review of Mary Somerville’s book On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences, crediting it to “some ingenious gentleman” (possibly himself). The word science has been used in English since the 14th century (Middle English) in the sense of “the state of knowing”. At the same time, many major advances—particularly in fundamental science—have come from individual researchers and are widely recognised through major international awards such as the Nobel Prize. The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze Age in Egypt and Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1200 BCE). For the conceptualization of science and its interrelationships with culture, see philosophy of science.

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What is Science?

• Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development.
• The Science Council has “science” in its name but had not previously clarified what this actually meant.
• Doctors use science to keep our bodies healthy and vets use science to keep our pets healthy too.
• Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even beat reporters who are knowledgeable about certain scientific issues may be ignorant about other scientific issues that they are suddenly asked to cover.

If an idea explains all the facts, or evidence, that we have found, we also call it a theory. If an idea, or hypothesis, correctly predicts how something will behave, we call it a theory. A scientist will test the idea in the real world. Anyone can have an idea about how nature works. Anyone can think like a scientist. Can you think of any other jobs that use science?

Scientific research involves using the scientific method, which seeks to objectively explain the events of nature in a reproducible way. Interdisciplinary science involves the combination of two or more disciplines into one, such as bioinformatics, a combination of biology and computer science or cognitive sciences. However, machines alone rarely advance knowledge as they require human guidance and capacity to reason; and they can introduce bias against certain social groups or sometimes underperform against humans. Moreover, if quantitative information is available, social scientists may rely on statistical approaches to better understand social relationships and processes. In the social sciences, there are many competing theoretical perspectives, many of which are extended through competing research programmes such as the functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists in sociology.

Astronauts use science to find out how things work in space. Weather forecasters use science to predict if it is going to be sunny, rainy or windy. Doctors use science to keep our bodies healthy and vets use science to keep our pets healthy too.

Social Science

It has many disciplines that include, but are not limited to anthropology, economics, history, human geography, political science, psychology, and sociology. For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth science. Each of these branches comprises various specialised yet overlapping scientific disciplines that often possess their own nomenclature and expertise. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics complement classical mechanics to describe physics in extreme length, time and gravity. The 18th century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine and physics; the development of biological taxonomy by Carl Linnaeus; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline.

Chemistry is the sub-branch of physical sciences under natural science that deals with the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. The formal sciences share similarities with the other two branches by relying on objective, careful, and systematic study of an area of knowledge. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Hence, physics is the fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of nature and its laws and natural phenomena. Traditional subjects usually included in the curriculum are natural and formal sciences, although recent movements include social and applied science as well.